revision: Biology - Human Physiology

Where do I start...?? Somewhere? Just ask me questions if I miss out 'kay? I HATE BIOLOGY O_O BLOOD TT^TT -- ---> PSYCHOLOGY <3

PS- my comments with the info is to help you remember...if it doesn't ignore them -.- they're weird.

CELLS -
I'm hoping you guys can draw animal cells and plant cells right? -.- so skip!
Name - Plant/Animal - Function
Nucleus - BOTH - Genetic info is stored.
Cytoplasm - BOTH - chemical reaction takes place
Cell membrane - BOTH - Allows useful substances to pass through.
Cell wall - PLANT - Support and protection for plant cells.
Chloroplasts -PLANT - contains the greeness :) chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Vacuole - PLANT - keeps plant cells hydrated.

Muscle cells -
IF they ask you to draw it...make it
-LONG AND THIN (sounds wrong...)
-Multi-nucleated cells (they have so many nuclei :D HAHA)
-Looks stripy (eww -.-)

MUSCLES-

Biceps are at the top :) Remember-> A BIcycle is on top of you (OWW!)
Ligaments connect BONE to BONER -> LBB? -.- How do you remember this...
Tendons connect MUSCLE to BONER -> TMB? -.- Still don't know how you'd remember ;)

ANTAGONISTIC muscle pairs - one contracts and the other relaxes :)
Ligaments are more flexible than tendons because if they were stretchy they wouldn't move that well.

More red blood cells carry oxygen to the muscles when you exercise and breathe heavily.

RESPIRATION-
AEROBIC RESPIRATION -> oxygen+glucose->water+carbon dioxide and energy
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION -> glucose-> lactic acid and energy =no gas :D
Lactic acid will get broken down by oxygen -> back to aerobic respiration.

EXAM QUESTION EXAMPLE:
[Explain why increase of exercise makes your heartbeat increase.] (4 marks)

-(my example) As you increase your exercise, you use more energy so the process of aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen received from gas exchange, increases causing our heart rate to increase. Pumping blood to make your muscles work is also needed.

As you exercise, you'll need more and faster blood containing oxygen, since the heart is the main organ in the process your heartbeat increases.

POINTS.
1-Respiration increases, as exercise increases.
1-muscles need more energy
1-more blood is pumped around the body
1-muscles need blood an oxygen
1-more glucose

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-
Trachea->Bronchi->Bronchioles->Alveoli
Intercostal muscles are between your ribs and diaphragm.
INHALE->CONTRACT
EXHALE->RELAX Remember-> ER O_O Or X and X
Diaphragm-
Contracts = Down Remember-> CD?
Relaxes = Up

HEART and CIRCULATION
Circulatory System=
-Blood
-Blood Vessels
-Heart

BLOOD=
-Blood contains white and red blood cells as well as palates and plasma.
Remember-> Palates fixes your wounds by clotting blood. Ever plays "The Sims 3"? Vampire sims drink plasma :D That's cuz it carries all the nutrients and stuff so it's good for them :P
Cells = red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infections.
Plasma = tasty nutrients for vampire sims.
platelets = I clot blood to heal you!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! MWAHAHA!!!!! -.-"

BLOOD VESSELS=
Arteries = Away - Oxygenated Remember-> Double A? Or all vowels?
Veins = Into the heart - Deoxygenated Remember -> IN
Capillaries = found in organs and allow exchange of substances between blood and tissues.
Remember -> I read a story, that was a romance one and every time main character blushed, the author described it as "I could feel the millions of capillaries rush on my face." or something like that...

HEART=
-Do I have to draw it?? O_O TT^TT Fine...Just for you guys, I'll draw a diagrams!!!!!!

THERE!!
1. Atria filled with blood.
2. Blood moves from atria to ventricles
3. Ventricles fill and then contract.
4. Blood exits through the arteries opening the semi-lunar valve.
5. Blood leaves through the arteries.

HEART RATE x stoke volume = cardiac output

ADAPTIONS for efficient gas exchange-
-Very large surface area of alveoli
-Covered in many blood capillaries
-Capillaries are one-celled thick to reduce diffusion distance.
-Alveoli walls are also one celled thick for the same reason.
-Lining of alveoli are most to help the gas diffuse.

DIFFUSE - word that can add an extra mark :D - Spreading of the gas :D

Gas Exchange=
-At the end of the bronchioles are alveoli.
-This is where gases enter and leaves the bloog
=The alveoli create a large surface area for the diffusion of gas.


SKELETAL SYSTEM....
HMM...
REMEMBER it by picturing it. Feel yourself during the exam -.- I DON'T KNOW...PEOPLE DO!!

Joints -
Hinge
Ball and socket
Pivot

JOINTS -
Cartilage - reduces friction in the joints
Ligament - hold joints together
Synovial membrane - produces the fluid
Synovial fluid - acts like a lubricant to the joints.

SUMMARY-
-Bones = to protect our vital organs and act as levers for our muscles
-Joints = to join bones together allowing us to move.
-Muscles = to use in movement - for energy and strength.